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Chapter 14: Mongols

Page history last edited by Nat Glynn 15 years, 4 months ago

Section 2

Working together using this wiki

Think of this wiki as a shared online whiteboard. The entire class can share information using this wiki, making your research accessible to everyone. You will not  have to complete the IDs all by yourself! Play around with this wiki: Notice how you can add comments to a page, see what people have changed, and edit all the text.

 

How to add your information to this wiki...

  1. Click on the Edit tab at the top.
  2. Scroll down to your term and copy and paste your information. (Be sure to add your name after the term)
  3. Use the right toolbar to insert images and files (be sure to keep your images small - we are all sharing this page)

    Use this checklist to check your work: (I use this list to grade your wiki)

    • Add your name next to the term/concept you are responsible for (5 pts)
    • Underline the term/concept - make it bold or heading 2 size (5 pts)
    • Brief summary of term/concept - use bullets or highlight key points (55 pts)
    • Picture/map - must include caption (keep image small in size) (image = 15 pts; caption =10 pts)
    • Please provide a FULL citation for the source(s) used - www.citationmachine.net can help. (5 pts)
    • Post your info in the right location - instead insert your image with caption right under your content. (5 pts)
    You are responsible for TWO terms this week.
  1. When you are done, hit Save at the bottom and view your work (make changes (Edit) as necessary).
  2. TIP: only one person can edit this wiki at a time, so I suggest you create your entry in a word program first. Then you can simply copy and paste it right in when the wiki is available for edit.

 

Chapter 14 - The Mongols

 

Tatars and Tartars-Crystal Tsang

 

Tatars are a group of Eurasian people living mostly in Russia. The group of around 5.5 million Tatars, or Tartars, is primarily Sunni Muslim. Tatars get their name from the Mongolian Tata tribe that lived in northeast Mongolia during the 5th century. The word was originally used to describe the peoples that overran parts of Asia and Europe under Mongol Leadership in the 13th century, and eventually became the word for any nomadic Asian invader. The Russians later used the word for the Azerbaijani Turks and many tribes of the Caucasus in the early 20th century.

 

This is an early 18th Century Painting of a Tatar woman. The Tatars were a widespread people throughout Eurasia during the 18gh century and even into modern times.

 

 

Source:

"Tatars” HighBeamRearch, Inc. 2008. High Beam Encyclopedia. 17 Nov 2008 <http://encyclopedia.com/topic/Tatars.aspx>.

 

 

Chinngis (Genghis) Khan - Lauren Sink

  • Born: ca. 1162
  • Birthplace: Mongolia
  • Died: August 18, 1227
  • 13th century Mongolian conqueror
  • a Mongol warrior named Temujin
  • ruled an empire that included parts of China, Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe
  • By 1206 unified rival clans and taken the title Genghis Khan (or Chinggis Khan), meaning "universal ruler"
  • Over the next three decades led constant military campaign that ravaged vast areas and subjugated millions of people
  • military tactics included quick cavalry attacks and novel methods of siege warfare
  • famous for adapting his methods to meet new challenges
  • established an empire that lasted more than 150 years after his death

This is a statue of Chinngis Khan.

 

Karakorum Rishi Simha

Karakorum was the capital of the Mongol Imperium and was established by Chinggis Khan in 1220.  It lies southwest of modern-day Ulaanbaatar and is near the Orkhon River.   Adamant about establishing cities in conquered enemy territory, Chinggis Khan built the city Karakorum to reside and oversee his empire.  Confucian scholars, Muslim engineers, and Daoist priests all advised him on various issues there.  Later, the capital was abandoned and Chinggis Khan’s son, Kublai Khan made the new capital modern-day Beijing. 

 This is a representation of Chinggis Khan.  He was the Mongol ruler who established Karakorum as a city.

Sources: 

"Karakorum." Karakorum Information. 2008. High Beam Encyclopedia. 14 Nov 2008 <http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Karakor.html>.

 

World Civilizations The Global Experience, page 320

 

Ogodei

 

Ogodei---Daniel Sanmartin

Mongol khan or leader of the Mongols, he was the successor of Genghis Khan, the great Mongol ruler who conquered the countries surrounding Mongolia.  He was his son as well; he was not his first son but his third.  Made his head quarters at Orhon River and called himself khagan.  The Song dynasty allied with him to take down the Kin Dynasty to take the capital Kaifeng in 1234.  He was responsible for sending Mongol armies to Iran, Iraq and Russia.  He sacked Kiev in 1240, crushing the Russians and leaving it to pay tribute to the Mongols of the Golden Horde for the next 200 years.  The next year they defeated armies of German and Polish origins, allowing them to continue on to Hungary all the way to the Adriatic Sea.  Planning to invade the western part of Europe, Ogodei’s troops prepared themselves but they did not continue as planned as Ogodei died in a drinking bout (long period of drinking).  Toregene (Ogodei’s wife)ruled until 1246 when she handed power to Guyuk (Ogodei’s son)her eldest son.

 

 

Ogodei is known to have;

òbuilt the first Mongol capital city at Khara Khorum,

òset up a system of taxation in the newly subjugated territories,

òrecruited Muslims to aid in the financial administration of the empire.

 

 

"Ögödei." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 Nov. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/425871/Ogodei

 

Batu and the Great Horde-S. Panda

 

 

Hulequ- Matt Myers

·         Hulequ (or Hulagu Kahn) was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Southwest Asia.

o        He was the grandson of Genghis Kahn and the brother of Kublai Kahn.

·         Under his leadership, the Mongols conquered Baghdad, the center of Islamic power at that time, causing a shift in Islamic influence to the Cairo region.

o        This battle featured the largest assembled Mongol army in history.

o        This battle, and the subsequent massacre by the Mongols, is regarded as one of the most devastating events in Islamic history.

·         He was a devoted follower of the Christian religion. He even suggested an alliance with France against the Islamic Sarasins.

o        Near his death, however, he is noted for turning to the Buddhist faith.

·         He is accredited with establishing the modern state of Iran.

o        Under his rule, Iranian historians switched from writing in Arabic to writing in Persian.

This is a painting of the Mongol siege of Baghdad under the reign of Hulegu Kahn. Baghdad was the center of the Islamic religion (the caliph resided there), and this defeat has been considered by Muslims to be the most devastating one in Islamic history.  

Sources:

                 "Hulagu Kahn." Wikipedia. 2008. 14 Nov 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan>.

                 Smith, John Masson . "Hülegü Moves West: High Living and Heartbreak on the Road to Baghdad ." Mongolian History 04 04 2007 14 Nov 2008  http://mongolianhistory.blogspot.com/2007/03/hleg-moves-west-high-living-and.html.

 

Muhammad Shah II-Richard Monroe

 

Chapter 14: Muhammad Shah II

  • Who- Muhammad Shah II

  • What- He was the ruler of the Khwarazm Empire. Know to be a victim of Chinggis Khan

  • When- 1219-1221

  • Where- Located in Central Asia (Present Day Uzbekistan)

  • Why- The Mongols were expanding their empire and the Khwarzm region was in their way. Chinggis Khan sent envoys to Muhammad Shah II and told him to surrender or your empire will suffer a terrible defeat. Muhammad was enraged and did not think much of the enovys warning. He killed one envoy an put his head in a box, shaved the heads of the others and sent them back to Chinggis Khan. In response, Chinggis invaded with great brutality.

  • How- Chinggis sieged their capital cit of Urgench with advanced siege wepons in correlation with their signiture tactic: send their light calvary in to fight and then retreat. The enemy would then chase the calvary all the way until they reach the main army where they would slaughter them with pincher tactics.

 

"Mongol General Subudai." World Online. 15 Apr. 04. 17 Nov. 2008 <http://home-4.worldonline.nl/~t543201/web-mongol/mongol-subudai.htm>.

 

 

Prester John-Sara Marshall

-->Prester John was known as a legend.

-->Prester John is also known as Presbyter John.

-->Prester John was popular in Europe.

-->His popularity is known to range from the 12th to the 17th century.

-->Around the 12th century, a letter was mysteriously finding its way around Europe. The letter spoke of a kingdom in the East that was going to be taken over by barbarians. King Prester John wrote this mysterious letter.

-->The letter was famously published by many various places.

-->Prester John wrote that he had a kingdom that was very peaceful.

-->Since Prester John believed his kingdom was going to be overtaken by barbarians, he wrote that he needed the help of Christian armies.

-->Pope Alexander III sent someone to go find Prester John, but they never did.

-->Around the 14th century, many people discovered that Prester John's kingdom was not located in Asia, which most of them believed. His kingdom was in Abyssinia. (present day Ethiopia)

-->Once the location was discovered, expeditions were sent out once again to save the kingdom.

-->Many new letters were sent afterwards from Prester John.

-->Whether the kingdom of Prester John was a fantasy or not is still undetermined.

This is an image of Prester John. No one is 100% sure of what he looked like, but this is a believable picture of him. As you can see, he is on a throne. This is because he was believed to be king of him kingdom.

 

 

Rosenberg, Matt. "Prester John." about.com. 14 Nov 2008 <http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/presterjohn.htm>.

 

 

Fall of Baghdad (Sarah Mann)

·        Fell in February 10th, 1258

·        The 37th Abbasid caliph (al-Mutasim) was murdered

·        800,000 people were killed by the Mongols

·        This ended the Abbasid dynasty that had ruler since the mid-8th century 

·        Hulegu Khan wanted al-Mutasim to recognize Mongol independence but the caliph said to Huelgu that attacking Baghdad would offend the whole Muslim world

·        When al-Muasim realized Hulegu was advancing toward Baghdad, al-Muasim tried to negotiate (Hulegu’s name would be included in Friday sermons and Hulegu would be given the title sultan) but it was too late and the Mongols attacked

·        Once in Baghdad, Hulegu said if they were to drop their weapons, they would not be killed, but the Mongols still killed the Muslims 

 

 This is a picture of Hulegu's army attacking Baghdad.

 

"The Fall of Baghdad (1258 C.E)." nestorian.org. 2008. 12 Nov 2008 http://www.nestorian.org/the_fall_of_baghdad.html.

 

Stearns, Peter N.. World Civilizations The Global Experience. 4th Ed..

New York: Pearson Education, Inc., 2006.

 

Mamluks

 

Pax Mongolica- Cory Hume

 

In short, this means “Mongol Peace.” This term is used to describe the nations and territories under Mongolian control following the massive conquest in the 13th and 14th centuries. The most famous idol of this time is the almighty Genghis Khan, a ruler and military mastermind. He led the Mongolian armies through numerous battles to achieve this “peace.” What this “peace” truly means is that the empire experienced minimal conflicts within its borders, with a rising economy and support from its population.

This map encompasses the Mongolian empire and depicts the amount of territory that was once the greatest, most expansive empire ever. The Pax Mongolica was probably helped by the fear from the armies that killed anyone that stood against them, and in turn, led to the conquering of an extreme amount of land.

"Pax Romana." Spiritus Temporis. 2005. 14 Nov. 2008 <http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/pax-mongolica/>.

 

 

 

Mongols and the Silk road

Samarkand-Nat Glynn

  • Samarkand is most noted for its central position on the ancient Silk Road and that fact that it is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world.
  • The city was founded at around 700 B.C.E. and flourished based on its location on the major trade route between China and Western Europe.
  • Alexander the Great conquered Samarkand in 329 B.C.E.
  • This is where the first paper mill in the Islamin World was founded in 751.
  • Samarkand fell under the rule of several different peoples including the Mongols and the Uzbek Turks.

     

     

     This is an image of one of the ancient mosques in Samarkand.

"Samarkand." Wikipedia. 20 Nov 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarkand>.

 

Timur (Tamerlane)- Shelly Franks

  • He was born in  1336 and he died in 1405
  • His empire extended from Syria to India
  • He was born near Samarqand into a Turkic-speaking Monglol tribe
  • By 1370 he had defeated rival local leaders and gained control of an extensive kingdom
  • Samarqand was capital
  • As a devot catholic he ordered the creation of many mosques to make Samarqand one of the most splendid capitals in Asia.
  • From the 1370s to the 1390s his armies struck Afghanistan, Persia, Caucasus, and southern Russia
  • He used scare tactics against cities that rebelled or resisted.
  • In 1402 he destroyed an Ottoman army sent against him.  Next he tried to conquer China but he died before he could.
  • His empire soon fell apart
  • After the fall of the empire Samarqand flourished as a cultural center until the 1500's under Timur's descendants, called the Timurids.

Davis, Richard. "Timur." The World Book Encyclopedia, 2003 ed.

 

 http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/maps/timur.jpg

This is a map of Timur's Empire that extended from Syria to India.

 

Kublai Khan- Estefania Delgado

•    He was a prominent Mongol ruler in the 13 the century and he is the founder of the Yuan Dynasty.

•    He claimed the title of Khagan of the Mongol Empire in 1260 after the dead of this older brother Möngke, but his younger brother Arig Böke was also given this title.

•    Kublai won the battle against Arig Böke in 1264, but the succession war essentially marked the end of a unified Mongol Empire.

•    In 1271, he established the Yuan Dynasty.

•    1279 the Yuan forces had successfully annihilated the last resistance of the Southern Song Dynasty, and Kublai became the emperor of all China.

•    His temple is name Shizu

Portrait of Kublai Khan, the son of Hulagu Khan, Emperor of all China

"KHUBILAI KHAN." Aduuchin. 8 Nov. 2008 <http://http://aduuchin.tripod.com/mon/id11.html>.

"Kublai Khan." Hutchinson encyclopedia. 8 Nov. 2008 <http://http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/kubilai+khan>.

 

 

 

 

Chabi - M. Decker

 

Chabi represented the persisting influence of Mongol women. She was wife of Kubilai Khan and was one of his most important confidants on political and diplomatic matters and promoted Buddhist interests in the highest circles of government. She played a critical role of ameliorating the problems of the majority of the ethnic Chines population in the Mongol Empire. She emphasized harsh rule of the Chinese would only make them unruly.

 

 

  

 

Chabi Khan was a respected woman who had much impact on Mongol society.

 

Stearns, Peter N.. World Civilizations The Global Experience. 4th Ed.  New York: Pearson Education, Inc., 2006.

 

 

Mongols and the Black Death

Marco Polo

White Lotus Society- Tyler Cornett

  • The White Lotus Society was an underground Buddhist sect that formed in the 14th century.
  • This sect taught of a coming of the Eternal Mother at the turn of the millennium and of the advent of a future major Buddhist figure, (the Buddha Maitreya).
  • This sect appealed to the lower class and took part in a number of revolts.
  • Some of the first protests were during the Yuan dynasty. The Mongol rulers considered the sect to be dangerous and banned it.
  • The White Lotus became a secret society and a religious resistance group.
  • The Red Turban Rebellion in 1352, which was led by Zhu Yuanzhnag and liberated all of China from the Mongol rulers, was inspired by the White Lotus Society.
  • The White Lotus Society was later revived during the White Lotus Rebellion in 1796. Started by the White Lotus Society, this anti-Manchu rebellion was led by the herbalist Wang Lu and was ultimately ended in 1804 due to the overwhelming Manchu might.

 

 

                                    A picture of a white lotus.

 

 

"The White Lotus Society." http://www.whitelotusdharma.org. 20 October 2008. White Lotus Society. 18 Nov 2008 <http://www.whitelotusdharma.org/WhiteLotusHome.html>.

 

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