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Chapter 32: Cold War

Page history last edited by Kelly Best 14 years, 10 months ago

 

Section 2

Working together using this wiki

Think of this wiki as a shared online whiteboard. The entire class can share information using this wiki, making your research accessible to everyone. You will not  have to complete the IDs all by yourself! Play around with this wiki: Notice how you can add comments to a page, see what people have changed, and edit all the text.

 

How to add your information to this wiki...

  1. Click on the Edit tab at the top.
  2. Scroll down to your term and copy and paste your information. (Be sure to add your name after the term)
  3. Use the right toolbar to insert images and files (be sure to keep your images small - we are all sharing this page)

    Use this checklist to check your work: (I use this list to grade your wiki)

    • Add your name next to the term/concept you are responsible for (5 pts)
    • Underline the term/concept - make it bold or heading 2 size (5 pts)
    • Brief summary of term/concept - use bullets or highlight key points (55 pts)
    • Picture/map - must include caption (keep image small in size) (image = 15 pts; caption =10 pts)
    • Please provide a FULL citation for the source(s) used - www.citationmachine.net can help. (5 pts)
    • Post your info in the right location - instead insert your image with caption right under your content. (5 pts)
    You are responsible for ONE term this week.
  1. When you are done, hit Save at the bottom and view your work (make changes (Edit) as necessary).
  2. TIP: only one person can edit this wiki at a time, so I suggest you create your entry in a word program first. Then you can simply copy and paste it right in when the wiki is available for edit.  

 

Identifications - Cold War (chapter 32):

 

 

Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam Conferences (overview) last week - thanks Andrew (from other section)!

 - Tehran:  the Big Three (USSR, Britain, and US) agreed on the invasion of Nazi-occupied France over the objections of Churchill, who desired a Mediterranean-based invasion that would give Britain spheres of influence in Eastern Europe following the war’s conclusion (this decision would lead to the creation of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War); a United Nations Organization was tentatively agreed to; the USSR pledged to support the Pacific Theater campaign after Hitler was defeated

 

 - Yalta:  the three powers agreed to divide Germany into four occupation zones; tensions arose when discussing the future of Eastern Europe as the Western powers foresaw the development of tensions with the USSR; it was confirmed that a United Nations would be created; Roosevelt pressed Stalin for support in its war against Japan

 

 - Potsdam:  the only conference to take place after the war’s conclusion; Truman replaced Roosevelt as the US representative, and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill; Russian forces occupied most of eastern Germany, so it was agreed that the USSR could take over much of eastern Poland; Germany was divided pending a final peace treaty (which would be signed more than 40 years later); treaties were hammered out for Germany’s allies, but the USSR and the US signed separate treaties with Japan

 

 - The stage was set by these three conferences for “decolonization” and the confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union

 

 

 

Partition of Germany – Shelly Franks

·         After Germany surrendered at the Potsdam Conference the allies divided Germany into four military occupation zones.

·         France occupied the Southwest, British controlled the Northwest, the US controlled the Southern part, and the Soviet Union controlled the east

·         Berlin was in the Soviet Zone so it was placed under a four power joint authority

·         Allied control council exercised overall joint authority

·         Eventually France, Britain, and the United States came together to create West Germany and the Soviet Union made up East Germany

·         In December 1990 the first German free election was held since Hitler’s reign

·         After 45 years of division Germany was united

“Germany.”  Britannica.  13 April 2009.  <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281186/Germany/58213/The-ear-of-partition>.

 

  Map that shows how Germany and berlin was divided.

·         http://history.sandiego.edu/cdr2/WW2Pics4/58726.jpg

Division of Europe/Iron Curtain Speech - 

United Nations (UN - 1950s) - Colin Breheny

The United Nations was formed On April 25, 1945 in New York. The intention was to create a equal meeting ground for all the nations to prevent future wars and spread aid to it's member states. It was formed as a result of the calamities of the WW2. There was originally a middle size amount of countries but soon a great majority of the world joined the UN. The only other organization in history to have done anything similar was the League of Nations, but that was a great failure due to the Munich Agreement.

File:United Nations HQ - New York City.jpg

Berlin Blockade and Airlift Cory Hume

The Berlin Blockade occurred from June 24, 1948 to May 11, 1949 during the occupation of post-World War II Germany. The Soviet Union blocked the Western force's railways and roads   into the western sectors of Berlin. This was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet controlled regions to start supplying Berlin with food and fuel, which, in turn, would give them control over the entire city. This led to the Allies forming the Berlin Airlift to bring supplies to the people of Berlin. The Berlin Airlift effort needed at least 4,000 tons a day. In spite of this, by the spring of 1949 the effort was clearly succeeding, and by April the airlift was delivering more cargo than had previously flowed into the city via railroad. The success of the Airlift was humiliating to the Soviets, who had repeatedly claimed it could never possibly work. When it became clear that it did work, the blockade was lifted in May.

 

 

This is a photo of the people of Berlin watching an Allied plane takeoff after delivering goods. 

"The American Experience | Race for the Superbomb | Berlin Blockade." PBS. 2 Apr. 2009 <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/peopleevents/pandeAMEX49.html>.

Truman Doctrine (Brianna Kosko)

  • Who: Harry S. Truman was the U.S. president that created this document.
  • What: It was a set of principles of U.S. foreign policy to Congress to request $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey.
  • When: The doctrine was created in 1947.
  • Where: The doctrine came from the U.S. but was used to help Greece and Turkey.
  • Why: Truman created this doctrine because he felt the U.S. should support Greece and Turkey so that they didn't fall under Soviet control.
  • How It's Important: It's important because the doctrine resulted in the end of tripartism, which was coalition governments that included communists.

 This is a picture of Harry Truman, the president responsible for the Truman Doctrine.

www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1947truman.html

 

The Marshall Plan - Michael Decker

 

The Marshall Plan was a plan proposed by a US Secretary of State named George Marshall.  It was proposed right after the end of WWII.  It was a financial aid package for all nations resisting communism.  Overtly, it was to rebuild the economies and provide aid for suffering.  Covertly, it was intended to allow the nation’s to get on their feet in order to be able to resist and repel communism.  It was available to all nations willing to accept it.  Most of the aid to the countries was for them to buy food and consumer products from other nations, mainly the US, while they get their economies functioning.  The Marshall Plan worked perfectly, repelling communism and rebuilding almost every European economy that used it to pre-war levels within 4 years. 

 

 

Secretary of State Marshall and the State Department helped to save Europe from plunging into communism and suffering.

 

"Marshall Plan." Wikipedia. 2009. Wikimedia. 31 Mar 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_plan>.  

 

NATO and Warsaw Pact- Matt Myers

-- These two very similar alliances served as the opposing forces during the Cold war of the mid to late twentieth century.

 

NATO:

·         The North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

·         A military alliance created to provide a system of mutual defense for member nations.

o    The real goal of the organization was, as the first Secretary General, Lord Ismay, said, “to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down.”

·         Comprised of 28 member nations.

 

Warsaw Pact:

·         It was a military alliance comprised of the communist states in Eastern Europe.

o    It is often seen as a response to NATO, and the organization of the two is, naturally, quite the same.

·         As the century progressed (and especially after the fall of the Soviet Union), many of the member nations of the Warsaw Pact eventually joined the NATO alliance instead.

 

 

This is a map showing the opposing forces of the Cold War. The members of NATO are in blue, while the members of the Warsaw Pact are in red.

 

Sources:

"NATO." Wikipedia. 2009. 3 Apr 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO>.

"Warsaw Pact." Wikipedia. 2009. 3 Apr 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_pact.

 

Containment Policy and Domino Theory - Alexandra Bauer

 

 

·         The containment policy was an American attempt during the Cold War to prevent the spread of communism in the world

·         The movement was a response to attempts by the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China to introduce communism in a series of Asian countries, and across the world

·         The policy was not radical and merely proposed containing communism in the already communist nations by communication with those leaders and preventing ideological imperialism on their behalves

·         President Truman greatly supported the idea of containment

·         NATO was created as a result of the containment theory and was a mutual alliance against communism

·         The domino theory was proposed by the United States during the Cold War

·         President Eisenhower coined the term in a 1954 speech in which he stated that once you knock one domino over the rest are sure to fall

·         The domino theory proposed that if one country in an area became influenced by communism then all the surrounding nations similarly would fall

·         That strategic falling of nations to communism was seen to resemble a line of dominoes falling, one after another, impossible to stop them

·         The domino theory was used to justify American involvement in nations such as Vietnam, infiltrated by communism

 

 

"Contaiment." Wikipedia. 02 Apr 2009. Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia. 2 Apr 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containment>.

 

 

This is a picture of the Vietnam War, a war that was justified by the theories of containment and the Domino effect. The United States believed that if Vietnam fell to the communists then the rest of the world would follow.

 

 

 

Korean War (basic, broad overview)-Crystal Tsang

 

-1950-1953

-began when North Korea invaded South Korea

-The US intervened to halt the spread of Communism and feared that if South Korea became Communist, many other adjacent nations might also

-It became the first major conflict of the Cold War as Communists joined North Korea

-General Douglas MacArthur pushed the North Koreans out of South Korea

-there were about 290,000 Korean Casualties

-Many prisoners of war were treated terribly

-war ended in 1953

-It was an important victory for the United States and its allies

-it helped nurture long lasting tensions between North and South Korea

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This is a map of major battles in the Korean War.

Source: "Glossary of People, Terms and Events." Ralph Bunche An American Odyssey.  2 April 2009. <http://www.pbs.org/ralphbunche/education/teach_glossary.html>

 

 

 

Vietnam War (basic, broad overview) -Sara Marshall

 

à AKA- Second Indochina War, Vietnam Conflict

à It lasted from the late 1950s to April 30, 1975.

à It was fought between the communists of North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. (Supported by the United States)

à 58,000+ Americans were killed in battles, while another 304,000 were wounded.

à American troops came in to help out the South Vietnamese government from collapsing.

à The US did not reach their set goal, and communist control was put back into play in Vietnam in 1975.

à The Vietnam War was the longest military conflict in United States history.

 

 

In Washington D.C., there stands a "Vietnam Veterans Memorial" wall. On it, are the 58,000+ names of the soldiers who lost their lives during the war.

 

"Vietnam War." 2007 2 Apr 2009 <http://www.vietnamwar.com/>.

 

 

 

 

 

 Nikita Khrushchev- Estefania Delgado

•    Was a leader of the Soviet Union, serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964.

•    Nikita was the responsible for the partial de- Stalinization of the USSR, as well as several relatively liberal reforms ranging form agriculture to foreign policy.

•    Khrushchev’s party colleagues removed him form power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev.

•    Some of his political actions are:

-Dissolved the Cominform organization

-Established the Warsaw Pact in 1955 in response to the formation of the Nato.

-Ordered the 1956 Soviet military intervention in Hungary

-Provided support for Egypt against the West during the 1956 Suez Crisis.

- He was the first Soviet leader to visit the U.S in a diplomatic capacity

- Initiated the deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba

-Approved the Easter Germans construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961

 

Khrushchev and Castro in 1960

"Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971)." National Historic Site. 1 Apr. 2009 <http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/khrushchev-nikita.htm>.

 

Nuclear Arms Race  (basic, broad overview) -Jenny Borowski

 

 

  • Countries believed the more nuclear weapons you had the more powerful you were.
  • American and Russia built up their stockpiles.
  • 1952- The USA exploded the H-bomb. It was smaller than ‘Fat Man’ but 2500 times more powerful.
  • The fear of the power and amount of nuclear weapons helped prevent the war.
  • 1953- Russia produced an H-bomb.
  • October 1957- Sputnik was launched. This lead to ICBM (Inter- Continental Ballistic Missiles). America built the DEW (Defense and Early Warning system) line near the Arctic.

 

 

A nucelar bomb test at Bikini Atoll.

 

 

“The Nuclear Arms Race.” History Learning Site. Mar 31 2009. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/nuclear_arms_race.htm>.

 

 

MAD and deterrence - 

 

 

Soviet Invasion of Hungary - SanMartin

 

  • October 23, 1956 a Budapest student rally supporting Poland’s efforts to have autonomy granted from the Soviet Union sparked various mass demonstrations.

  • They fought back when the police attacked tearing down symbols of the Soviet Union and HWP (Hungary’s Workers Party) rule and demonstrating their support for free elections and national independence.

  • They were also doing this to try to get the Nagy back into power.

  • The Soviet party leader of Hungary, Erno Gero, called the out to the army but instead of fighting back the demonstrators they handed them weapons and joined them.

  • The Soviet did not know what to do except to call Nagy to speak but this did not stop the violence.

  • So Gero called the Soviet army to Budapest on October 24, the demonstrators fought back valiantly and triumphantly setting up Nagy as the prime minister.

  • Nagy called out to say that Hungary would with draw from the war to the United Nations, but Soviet Russia responded on November 3, by surrounding Budapest and the country of Hungary itself.

  • Nagy fled to Yugoslavia embassy and Kadar returned to Budapest in a Soviet armored car, and about 200,000 Hungarians escaped to the west.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pike, John. "Soviet Invasion of Hungary." Military. 27-04-2005. Global Security. 22 Apr 2009 <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/hungary.htm>.

 

Suez Crisis (Sarah Mann)

  • July 26, 1956, President of Egypt Jamal Abd al-Nasir declared the Suez canal nationalized in response to withdrawal of Britain and the United State from financial aid of the Aswan Dam
  • Led to a military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel
  • The British Prime Minister Anthony Eden wanted Nasir overthrown and though taking over the canal would allow this to happen
  • The nationalized was not against international law, so Britain and France had to find a casus belli
  • Israel became involved secretly because they offered to invade the Sinai Peninsula
  • The British and French could then consider the canal at risk and needed to be protected
  • Israel attacked October 30 and Britain landed November 4
  • The operation was a success but a disaster at the same time because the reason for the attack was false
  • Led to a split between Britain and the United States because American President Eisenhower opposed military action
  • Eden was forced to retire because of the failure of the Suez campaign
  • France blamed the British and American deception
  • Israel was forced to leave from Sinai
  • Crisis symbolized Britain’s reducing power in the world

 

 

 These are Israeli troops preparing to attack the Sinai Peninsula.

 

"Suez Crisis." Answers.com. 2009. Answers Corporation. 2 Apr 2009 http://www.answers.com/topic/suez-canal-crisis.

 

Bay of Pigs Invasion - Kelly Best

-1961

-Authorized by JFK

-The military force which planned to revolt was a group of Cuban exiles who were living in the US that were against Fidel Castro. The US was worried when Cuba became a communist dictatorship, and they put an embargo on the trade there which remains to this day. Then Cuba became close with the Soviet Union. The US felt that this initial revolt would spark widespread resistance.

-The Cuban exile force was captured soon after they landed....the revolt was over before it could even start

 

Sources

Review, Princeton. Cracking the AP World History Exam, 2009 Edition (College Test Prep). New York: Princeton Review, 2008

"Bay of Pigs Invasion Image." Google Images. 29 May 2009 <www.independent.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00016/bopigs_16663s.jpg>.

 

.  

This is part of the group of Cuban exiles after they had landed and were captured.

 

 

Berlin Wall (rise and fall) Lauren Sink

 

·         A physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic and East Berlin

·         construction began on August 13, 1961 and the Wall was opened on November 9, 1989

·         At least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the Wall into West Berlin -officially

·         Prominent victims' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from East to West Berlin

·         The East German government issued shooting orders to border guards dealing with defectors, though GDR officials denied ever issuing shoot to kill orders

·         East German government announced November 9, 1989, that all GDR citizens could visit West Germany and West Berlin

·         Crowds of East Germans climbed onto and crossed the wall, joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere

·         Over the next few weeks, parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it.

·         The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for German reunification, which was formally concluded on October 3, 1990

 

 

 This picture was taken in 1986 of the west side of the Berlin Wall, the infamous "death strip."

Wikipedia. 2 April 2009. Wikimedia. 2 April 2009. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall>.

Cuban Missile Crisis - Tyler Cornett

·         The Cuban Missile Crisis took place in the early 1960s.

·         It was a dispute concerning nuclear missiles involving Cuba, the Soviet Union, and the United States.

·         Cuba grew increasingly concerned about U.S. invasion and had the Soviets secretly place nuclear missiles on the island for defensive purposes.

·         On October 14, 1962, U.S. reconnaissance satellites spotted the missile bases’ construction.

·         President Kennedy ordered Premier Nikita Khrushchev of the Soviet Union to disarm the missiles at once and promised not to attack Cuba.

·         The Soviet Union agreed and did so with the assurance that the U.S. would not attack Cuba.

·         One term the Soviets had for disarming the bases was that the Thor and Jupiter ICBM’s in Turkey be disarmed. The Americans agreed, but did not follow through. The matter was not pressed.

·         This is often considered the closest point to a nuclear war in history.

A picture showing the powers involved in the dispute.

"Cuban Missile Crisis: Summary." ThinkQuest.org. 1997. ThinkQuest. 2 Apr 2009 <http://library.thinkquest.org/11046/days/index.html>.

Prague Spring and the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia - 

 

Brezhnev Doctrine - Alison Chang 

in this poster Brezhnew proclaims that the Soviet Bloc is as united as never before.

 

-September 26, 1968

-A Soviet foreign policy

-Outlined by S. Kovalev in Pravda article, entitled "sovereignty and the international Obligations of Socialist Countries."

-Leonid Brezhnev reiterated it in a speech at the Fifth Congress of the polish Union United Workers' party on November 13, 1968

-This doctrine was announced to justify the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 to terminate the Prague Spring, along with earlier Soviet military interventions,These interventions were meant to put an end to liberalization efforts and uprisings that had the potential to compromise Soviet hegemony inside the Eastern bloc, which was considered by the Soviets to be an essential defensive and strategic buffer in case hostilities with the West were to break out.

http://www.eastgermany.info/brez.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.eastgermany.info/&usg=__ngTtbaMxrSoxlzJxajypdB3Fsuc=&h=337&w=210&sz=17&hl=en&start=20&um=1&tbnid=uy8IFv1hvz7wZM:&tbnh=119&tbnw=74&prev=/images%3Fq%3DBrezhnev%2BDoctrine%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7GGIH%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1

 

 

 

 

Sino-Soviet Split - 

 

Détente-Leya Wood

  • Means relaxing or easing
  • Was between USSR and US
  • They were hostile but not in war
  • They decreased the amount of tension through treaties and such
  • “Thawing of the Cold War”

 

Decision to go through with détente

 

"Detente." Wikipedia. 2 Apr 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9tente.

Afghan War - 

Soviet modernization and industrialization of Eastern Europe -

Andrei Sakharov, Alexander Sozhenitsyn, and the Soviet dissident movement - 

Lech Walesa and Solidarity - 

 

Gorbachev, perestroika, glasnost – Rishi Simha

  This is a picture of Mikhail Gorbachev.  He was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to its collapse.

Mikhail Gorbachev followed Leonid Brezhnev as the ruler of the Soviet Union.  Compared to all of the previous Soviet rulers, Gorbachev was very liberal and Western-minded.  Feeling that there was too much corruption, inefficiency, and economic weakness in the state of the USSR, Gorbachev devised his two-fold solution – perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness).  The former was a policy that allowed for free enterprise and expansion of private property, while the latter was a policy that allowed for freedom of the press and public criticism of corruption.  Competitive voting also took place, and non-communist parties were allowed to form under Gorbachev’s regime.  It was glasnost that eventually got the better of Gorbachev because although this was a huge reform, conservatives had already lost their trust for Gorbachev, and liberals wanted even more rights.  Gorbachev resigned as the leader of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991, and declared the end of the USSR. 

Source: Barron's AP World History 3rd Edition Study Book by John McCannon, pages 411-413.

Collapse of the Soviet Union (basic, broad overview) -

 

*****EXTRA CREDIT opportunity**: There are more terms/concepts this week than students in the class. I need your help completing the extra terms/concepts. You can claim ONE additional term/concept to complete - it's first come, first serve. You will receive up to 25 extra credit points towards this assignment (classwork/homework category) for the extra effort.

 

Extra Credit IDs:

Chernobyl Accident – Rishi Simha

 This is what the nuclear power plant, Chernobyl, looked like after the cap blew off of reactor 4 due to extreme pressure.

In April of 1986, the Chernobyl-4 reactor at the nuclear power plant near Kiev, Ukraine ruptured due to extreme pressure conditions created by a power surge during a test.  It is estimated that around 5% of the radioactive core was released into the atmosphere; fifty-six deaths have been directly attributed to the accident, and the land has been contaminated, as well.  Throughout the surrounding area, birth defects and cancers became commonplace.  This accident can be directly attributed to the Cold War isolation of the Soviet Union from the United States in respects to technology; however, it was in no way the United States’ fault.  This accident led to fear of using nuclear power for energy throughout the world by the general public, and it has made sure that inspections are more thorough and frequent.  Sadly, this event could have been prevented. 

SOURCE:  "Chernobyl." World Nuclear Association. 02 Apr. 2009 <http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html>.

Welfare State Lauren Sink

·         New activism of the western European state in economic policy and welfare issues after WWII

·         Introduced programs to reduce the impact of economic inequality

·         Typically included medical programs and economic planning

·         Very expensive

·         Wartime planning in the British government had pointed to the need for new programs to reduce the impact of the economic inequality and to reward the lower classes for their loyalty

·         By 1948 the basic nature of the modern welfare state had been established throughout western Europe, as not only the new regimes but also establish reformists

·         The welfare state elaborated a host of social insurance measures

·         It was an important new definition of government functions but hardly a device for social revolution

 Percent of GDP in social expenditures.

World Civilizations. 2006. 2 April 2009.

 

Green Movement (Sarah Mann)

  • Peasant resistance to Bolshevik government in the Russian Civil War
  • First rebellions 1918
  • In 1918 and 1919 rebellions poorly organized – easily suppressed
  • 1920 well-organized rebellion in Tambov, the Volga and Urals regions, Ukraine, and Siberia
  • The Committees of the Rural Poor did not bring dependable government to the countryside so the Bolsheviks used armed detachments to get grain and recruits
  • 1920 peasant had very little grain left
  • Deserters and draft-dodger from the Red Army hid in villages and countryside
  • The Soviet-Polish war increased demands of grains and recruits
  • Peasant uprisings began to grow and 1921 the countryside was unsafe for the Red Army
  • The rebels established an underground government that provided food, house, and intelligence
  • Feb 1921 the government stopped obtained grain forcefully in Russia and Ukraine
  • In March private trade in grain was legalized
  • After the Soviet-Polish war the elite armed forces could not stop the rebellions
  • 1921 hundreds of thousands of Red Army troops attacked rebel forces
  • The support for the rebels was stopped by holding family members hostage – suspected supports were shot – thousands were sent to concentration camps
  • Support for the movement collapsed Sept 1921 – most leaders were killed

  

This is the Red Army in 1918.

  

"Green Movement." Answers.com. 2009. Answers Corporation. 2 Apr 2009 http://www.answers.com/topic/green-movement.

 

Gwynn , John. "Space History." 15 Apr 2003. John Gwynn and sons. 2 Apr 2009 http://waterocket.explorer.free.fr/space_history.htm.

 

 

 

 

European Union-Crystal Tsang

 

 

-an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

-1993 (Treaty of Maastricht)

-the treaty also stated the EU traces its roots to the European Coal and Steel Community (which formed by the Treaty of Rome in 1957)

-goal-promote free trade and cooperation amongst its members

-problems they deal with: mediating disputes between member nations, admitting new nations, often a lengthy and painful procedure (example: Turkey really wants to join but they aren't letting it yet because it is too Islamic in the east)

-No one knows quite what the European Union will become in the future...Will it stay a supernational organization or will it merge into one country? (Needless to say, it is one of the greatest powers the world has seen and how it develops will be interesting in the upcoming years)

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This is a picture of Flags of European Union Member States.

Source:

“European Union.” The World Factbook. 2009. Central Intelligence Agency. 19 March 2009. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ee.html>

 

 

 

 

New Feminism - Sara Marshall

àNew Feminism” is considered to be a Catholic philosophy that men and women are equal, rather than men being more considered over women or vice versa.

à It’s also known as a “Different Feminism”

à New Feminism is in support of strongly recognizing women’s rights and strengths.

à The period of this movement started in the early 1960s, going all the way until the late 1970s.

à Many court cases and legal movements came attached with new feminism.

à The new rights of women and the independence of women went on past the new feminism, straight into the 1980s, and still carry on today.

This is a picture of a feminist rally that took place in Washington D.C. in the year 1970.

 

 

 

·         At least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the Wall into West Berlin -officially

·         Prominent victims' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from East to West Berlin

·         The East German government issued shooting orders to border guards dealing with defectors, though GDR officials denied ever issuing shoot to kill orders

·         East German government announced November 9, 1989, that all GDR citizens could visit West Germany and West Berlin

·         Crowds of East Germans climbed onto and crossed the wall, joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere

·         Over the next few weeks, parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it.

·         The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for German reunification, which was formally concluded on October 3, 1990

 

 

http://history.sandiego.edu/cdr2/WW2Pics4/58726.jpg

Alvare, Helen. "A New Feminism ." 1997 2 Apr 2009 http://www.historyplace.com/pointsofview/alvare.htm.

 

Popular Culture (Western – look at pages 766 – 99) – Shelly Franks

·         New movements arose

·         Scientific data was discovered

·         Francis Crick and American James Watson discovered the structure for DNA

·         People accepted modern ideas in art

·         Italy, France, and Sweden were centers of experimental filmmaking

·         The west displayed more vitality in pop culture than formal intellectual life

·         In the USA soft drinks, blue jeans, and gum became more common

·         The Beatles became very popular in the 1960s

·         Premarital sex became more common, in Europe the number of nude bathing spots increased

·         Western Pop culture enhanced the international influence of the West

Stearns, Peter N., Michael Adas, Stuart B. Schwartz, and Marc Jason Gilbert. World Civilizations

            The Global Experience, Ap Edition. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall College Div, 2005.     

 A picture of the Beatles, a lot of things that became famous back then are still famous today.

http://www.liverpool-360.co.uk/photos/beatles-museum-liverpool.jpg

 

 

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