Section 2

Working together using this wiki

 

Identifications - Civilizations in Crisis (Ch. 26)

 

Tanzimat Reforms

 

Reforms of Mahmud II - Alexandra Bauer

 

·         Mahmud II was the 30^th sultan of the Ottoman Empire

 

·         He ruled until 1830

·         His reign is noted for his extensive reforms of the Ottoman Empire

·         Legal Reforms

o    His legal reforms were known as edicts, or Firmans

o    He closed the Court of Confiscations

o    He took away power from the high ranking Pashas

o    The second Firman removed the rights of Turkish governors to personally condemn men to death

o    Mahmad II also created a court of appeals

o    By attending the Divan, or State Council, Mahmud II ended a long standing tradition of Sultan isolation

o    He also placed Vaskif, or religious, revenue under state administration to avoid corruption 

o    He deemed a great number of taxes of the Ottoman Empire to be unnecessary

o    The Firman of 1834 abolished the most abused tax, the harac, or capitation tax

·         Military Reforms

o    Mahmud II dealt effectively with the military fiefs, the "Tımar"s and the "Ziamet"s 

o    He repressed Dere Beys, the hereditary local chiefs (with power to nominate their successors in default of male heirs

o    He dedicated most of his efforts into improving the Ottoman navy

·         Overall, Mahmud’s reforms were considered quite Liberal for his time and they were opposed by Conservatives of the Ottoman Empire

 

 This is a picture of Mahmud II, the Turkish ruler who led the Ottoman Empire into an era of reform.

 

 

Young Turks -

The Eastern Question -

Greek War of Independence-Kelly Best

Who: Greek Revolutionaries (helped by European powers, their vassals, and even the Egyptian Khedivate)

What: AKA Greek Revolution—successful war, Greece wins independence from Ottoman Rule with Treaty of Constantinople

When: 1821-1829

Where: Throughout Greece, even at sea

Why: Greece had wanted independence for a long time

 

A map of Greece in this time period.

Revolt of Muhammad Ali -

Mahdist Revolt in Sudan -

Kangxi and Qianlong -

Cao Xueqin, Dream of the Red Chamber -

Tea as China's leading economic commodity -

Opium Wars and the Treaty of Nanking - Tyler Cornett

·         The Opium Wars were disagreements over trade between Qing Dynasty and Great Britain.

·         Great Britain had a high demand for Chinese goods and the only currency China would accept was silver.

·         Gold was used in Britain, so silver had to be bought from other European countries for trade with China.

·         Britain discovered opium was highly desirable and worked as an alternative trade currency with China.

·         Opium was soon banned by the Chinese Emperor in 1729.

·         Britain continued to sell opium and the First Opium War was started.

·         British military superiority won and the war ended with the Treaty of Nanking.

·         The Treaty of Nanking surrendered Hong Kong to Britain, forced a monetary payment, and the opening of ports within China.

·         The unlawful search of the British ship known as The Arrow sparked the Second Opium War.

·         The Chinese lost this war too and was ended with the Convention of Peking.

An example of what an Opium War battle looked like.

"The Opium War and the Opening of China." www.homestead.com. Homestead. 24 Feb 2009 <http://historyliterature.homestead.com/files/extended.html>.

Hong Xiuguan and the Taiping Rebellion - Michael Decker

 

The Taiping Rebellion threatened to uproot traditional Chinese societal structures and become more western oriented

 

 

Stearns, Peter. "Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China."World

     Civilizations: The Global Experience. 4th ed. 2006.

 

Empress Dowager Cixi – Delgado

 

 

·         November 29, 1840 to November 15, 1908

·         Best known in as the West Dowager Empress

·         She was from the Manchu Yehe Nara Clan

·         She was a powerful and charismatic figure who became ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, ruling over China for 48 years from her husband's death in 1861 to her own death in 1908.

·         She came from an ordinary Manchu family and she was selected by the Xianfeng Emperor as a concubine.

·         She had almost total control over the court under the nominal rule of her son Tongzhi Emperor and her nephew Guangxu Emperor.

·         She was largely conservative during her rule and refused reform of the political system.

·         Many historians considered her reign despotic and attribute of the fall of the Qing Dynasty.

 

 

 

Here is a picture of the Empress Dowager Cixi

 

 

 

"Emp""Empress Dowager Cixi." Travelchinaguide. 19 Feb. 2009 <http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/known/cixi.htm>.

 

 

 

Open Door Policy - (Shelly Franks)

 

·        Countries have equal opportunities to trade with colonial or developing countries

·        Countries agree to permit their merchants and investors to trade freely

·        John Hay, the US Secretary of State started the idea of Open Door policy in 1899

·        At that time several powers had special interest in China and each power was trying to get all the trading rights

·        Hay sent notes to competing powers asking them to maintain complete equality for all nations

·        The competing powers accepted Hays proposal and they signed treaties to observe the Open Door Policy

·        In 1902 the policy fell due to the Boxer Rebellion

 

Pranger, J. Robert.  “Open Door Policy.”  The World Book

          Encyclopedia, 2001 ed.

 

 

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9d/Spheres_of_influence.png

Missionaries in China -

Boxer Rebellion -Cory Hume

An anti-foreign, anti-Christian movement in China that began in 1898. This was in response to imperialistic expansion by other countries into China, in which the Qing dynasty began a campaign in attempt to flush out all western influence. Their motto was “Revive the Qing, destroy the foreign.” Diplomats, missionaries, foreign soldiers, etc. fled to the legation quarter of the capital where they stayed for fifty-five days until an eight country alliance sent 20,000 troops to their rescue. The uprising was eventually put down and the Qing dynasty was heavily fined. This led to the overthrow of the dynasty in 1911.

 

 

This is an actual photo of the Boxer Rebellion and the uprising people in the capital.

"The Boxer Rebellion." Small Planet. 23 Feb. 2009 http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/fists.html.

Sun Yat-sen, People's Principles, and the Nationalist Party - Brianna Kosko

• Who: Sun Yat-sen was a chinese revolutionary and political leader that bwas often referred to as the Father of Modern China
• What: The People's Principles was Sun Yat-sen's political philosophy to make China a free, prosperous, and powerful nation
• When: Sun Yat-sen lived from November 12, 1866 to March 12, 1925
• Where: He was a ruler in China and in the Nationalist Party
• Why: He developed alliances with then communists in order to help better China
• How it's Important: The People's Prionciples are important because the principles are the first line of the national anthem of the Republic of China

This is a picture of Sun Yat-sen.

http://www.answers.com/topic/sun-yat-sen

 

Identifications - Russia and Japan (Ch. 27)

 

Russian conquest of Central Asia

 

 

Decembrist Rising-Sara Marshall

è    The Decembrist Rising took place in 1825 in Imperial Russia. (at Senate Square.)

è    It is also known as the Decembrist Revolt.

è    Russian army officers lead about 3,000 soldiers in a protest going against Nicholas I. (On his drawn conclusion of the throne after his brother (Constantine)’s removal.)

è    The events took place in December, thus giving it the name “Decembrist.”

è    The revolt took place in freezing weather. Much blood was shed, and many lives were lost. Dead bodies were dumped into holes in the ice on the Neva River.

è    The revolt was eventually stopped by Nicholas I. Things in Russia soon returned to normal, under his rule.

......this is a picture of the soldiers arriving to revolt against the rule of Nicholas I.

 

Bowman, Rebecca. "Decembrist Revolt 1825." 2003. David W. Koeller. 20 Feb 2009 http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/easteurope/DecRevolt.html.

 

 

 

Crimean War (see ch. 24 IDs)

Emancipation of the serfs -

 

Trans-Siberian Railroad – Matt Myers

·         The Trans-Siberian Railroad is the longest railway in the world.

o   It extends the breadth of Russia and even further- from Moscow to the Sea of Japan.

·         This stretch of track was integral to the modernization of Russia, and assisted several groups in various wars.

o   The White Russians- Russian Civil War

o   The Allies- WWI and WWII

·         The railroad allowed supplies to be delivered to the most diverse regions of Russia, which greatly improved agriculture and trade.

·         This seemingly insurmountable project served as a testament to the industrialization and modernization of Russia.

 

 

 

 

The Trans-Siberian Railroad is the longest railway in the world. It is an amazing feat of design and production, and has served Russia well in many facets.

 

 

 

 

Sources:

"Trans-Siberian Railway." Wikipedia. 2009. 21 Feb 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway.

 

Russian Revolution of 1905 (Shampa Panda)

 

-Peasant revolts

-leading to the establishment of the State Duma of the Russian Empire, multi-party system and the Russian Constitution of 1906.

-Czar Alexander III was extremely conservationist, took away many of the political freedoms that his predecesor had granted

-October Manifesto demanded universal suffrage, political parties

-Revolution rife with violence and political terrorism by both radical and reactionary groups

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Workers on strike in a small town in Russia, proving the depth to which the revolution had spread.

"Russian Revolution in 1905." Wikipedia. Wikipedia. 25 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905>.

 

 

Anarchists of Russia – SanMartin

The thought of overthrowing the nobility in Russia by the large peasant society was that of socialism. This way land would be periodically redistributed among households. Anarchism was that in which there is no laws, government, police or other ruling authority in a society.  However in this sort of government people would have to cooperate much better than they had been doing.  Anarchist Michael Bakunin wrote a book advocating free education to children and equality for women.  Peter Kropotkin arrested in 1874 and escaped in 1876 attacked the ideas of Charles Darwin writing that it was not struggle that accounted to the evolution of man, while imprisoned in France.

 

Emma Goldman an anarchists inspired by libertarian writings of Johann Most, worked with Alexander Berkman, becoming involved in the trade union movement.  Leon Czolgosz shoots President William McKinley claming to be inspired by Emma.  Because of the acts of violence she was inspiring she was deported to Russia along with 247 others. 

“Anarchism in Russia.” Pavilion. 23 Feb 2009

http://web311.pavilion.net/RUSanarchists.htm

 

Commodore Matthew Perry – Rishi Simha

This is a picture of Commodore Perry - he was sixty during the Japanese trade talks!

 

During Millard Fillmore’s presidency, in the 1853-1854 timeframe, the United States was trying to persuade Japan to open some ports for trade.  Commodore Perry, formerly the commander of the African Squadron of naval forces, was integral in the success of this political movement.  He spent several months in negotiations, and after seeing the United States naval forces, Japan agreed to a treaty to allow trade in two ports and assist US ships when needed.  Commodore Perry was sixty at the time of his greatest achievement. 

Commodore Perry and the Opening of Japan." Naval History and Heritage Command. 20 Feb. 2009 <http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/teach/ends/opening.htm>

 

Emperor Meiji and the Meiji Restoration - Lauren Sink

·         Emperor of Japan reigning from February 3, 1867 until his death

·         The restoration consist of the Tokugawa shogunate being abolished by Imperial forces following the Boshin Wa

·         The Charter Oath, a five-point statement of the nature of the new government, abolished feudalism and proclaimed a modern democratic government for Japan

·         The parliament formed and the emperor had no real power

·         Power was in the hands of the people who led the Restoration

·         Japan was now controlled by an oligarchy which was made of the most powerful military, political, and economic men

·         Industrialization also came with the Meiji Restoration which made Japan a power in the Pacific

·         The emperor did not have power during restoration but it’s unknown of his influence

 

 Emperor Meiji was the emperor of Japan.

O'Brien, Joseph V. “Japan: The Emperor'’s Charter Oath, 1868”. web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob65.html

 

Abolition of Japanese feudalism -Crystal Tsang

 

-Clans were ruling Japan until Emperor Meiji Mutsuhito took over and decided to abolish Feudalism

-The Meiji Restoration intended to abolish feudal heritages to succeed in political centralization, social mobility, and the transformation of the economy

-The abolition of feudalism in Japan completely ended in 1871

-The abolition caused numerous former samurai to suffer significantly due to their reduced salary from their feudal lords

-The Japanese took technological and industrial transformation with enthusiasm due to their interests in Western influences

- Universal education was originated and educational philosophy was altered

-patriotism was also developed

 

 

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This is a picture of Emperor Meiji Mutsuhito.  He ruled from 1867-1912 and he was an significant role during the abolition of Feudalism in Japan.

 

Source: “The Unification and Moderation of Japan after 1867.”  Historical Foundations of Japan’s Military Aggression.  19 Feb 2009.  http://www.users.bigpond.com/battleforAustralia/foundationJapmilaggro/JapModern.html

 

 

Japanese Industrialization and the zaibatsu -Leya Wood

• Began with the new army
• Government banks funded growing trade
• Provided capital for industry
• They built railroads to spread across the country
• Had steamers which connected the islands
• Guilds and internal road tariffs were terminated
• Manufacturing occurred in mines, shipyards, metallurgical plants, etc.
• Maintained close supervision
• Established Ministry of industry in 1870.
• Zaibatsu formed (they were huge industrial combines) by the 1890’s.
• By 1900, the economy was massively developed.

Stearns, Peter N., Michael Adas, Stuart B. Schwartz, and Marc Jason Gilbert.World Civilizations: The Global Experience. 4th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2006.

Here is the inside of a Zaibatsu.

 

Annexation of Korea -

 

Russo-Japanese War (Sarah Mann)

• Fought 1904 to 1905 
• Between Japan and Russia about the territory in Manchuria
• Started because Japan was worried about Russia expanding into northern China and influencing Korea
• Russia agreed to pull troops out of Manchuria but didn’t
• The Japanese than attacked Port Arthur February 1904
• The Japanese prevented aid from coming to Port Arthur and pushed the Russians back to Mukden
• January 1905 the commander of Port Arthur surrendered without discussing it with his officers
• The Battle of Tsushima was the critical battle
• Treaty of Portsmouth ended the war
• Russia agreed to stop expansion into East Asia and Japan got control of Korea and Manchuria
• Japan won mostly because of its naval power
• Russia was not able to move its fleet to the Pacific fast enough

 

"Russo-Japanese War." Answers.com. 2009. Answers Corporation. 20 Feb 2009 <http://www.answers.com/topic/russo-japanese-war>.

 

Stearns, Peter N.. World Civilizations The Global Experience. 4th Ed.. New York:     Pearson Education, Inc., 2006.

 

 This is a picture of a bombing of Port Arthur.

 

"Russo-Japanese War." Answers.com. 2009. Answers Corporation. 20 Feb 2009 <http://www.answers.com/topic/russo-japanese-war>.

 

Sino-Japanese War -