Section 2
Think of this wiki as a shared online whiteboard. The entire class can share information using this wiki, making your research accessible to everyone. You will not have to complete the IDs all by yourself! Play around with this wiki: Notice how you can add comments to a page, see what people have changed, and edit all the text.
Use this checklist to check your work: (I use this list to grade your wiki)
American Revolution (world view) -
Declaration of Independence - Alexandra Bauer
This is a picture of Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence. Penned the famous, "life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness" statement of rights.
"United States Declaration of Independence ." Wikipedia . 28 Jan 2009. Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia. 5 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence>.
US Constitution -
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette - Kelly Best
King and queen of France and Navarre from 1774-1791
King and queen “of the French” from 1791-1792
Married at the ages of fifteen (him) and fourteen (her)
The two had four children together
Contributed to the start of the French Revolution by caving in and allowing It to take place
Louis XVI was viewed as foolish
Marie liked the theatre and having entertainment and was viewed as careless
Executed by guillotine within a few months of each other
Disliked because of their extravagant lifestyles and resistance and opposition to reform
This is a picture of Marie Antoinette and King Louis XVI with their children.
"Louis XVI of France." Wikipedia. Wikipedia. 5 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_xvi>. (Originally sited from the French website http://people.umw.edu/~spowers/The%20French%20Connection.org/pouvait.htm)
30 Jan 2009 <http://www.franceattraction.com/france_attraction_images/louise-marie-antoinette.jpg>.
Estates General and the Tennis Court Oath -
French Revolution of 1789 (world view) -
Bastille Day -
Declaration of the Rights of Man -
Jacobins
The Door of the Jacobin Club was in~ the Saint-Honoré Street, Paris, France.
Committee of Public Safety
Comité de Salut Public, 1794. Anonymous French print, 18th century.
1819 Caricature by BritonGorge Cruikshank. Titled' The Radical's Arms". it depicts infamous guillotine. "no GOd!no religion! No King No onstitution! is written in the republican banner
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety
Thermidor - Tyler Cornett
· The Thermidorian Reaction took place on July 27, 1794.
· It was a revolt in which the French revolutionaries Robespierre and Saint-Just came under attack from the Committee of Public Safety.
· The Thermidor Reaction marked the ending of the Reign of Terror, a period in which 20,000-40,000 revolutionaries were executed.
· Robespierre and his supporters were guillotined without any trial.
· Caused a social upheaval that replaced the National Convention with the French Directory.
A picture portraying the Thermodorian Reaction.
"Thermidorian Reaction." www.tripod.com. www.tripod.com. 6 Feb 2009 <http://ap_history_online.tripod.com/apeh8c.htm>.
The Directory - Estefania
- 1795-1799
- The Directory became France’s executive power between 1795 and 1799
- In this Directory were five directors or members, and each one of them was elected by the Council of Ancients (les Anciens) and the Five Hundred (Cinq-Cents)
- It was very effective in its firsts years, but then corruption and self-service took place.
- Internal bickering and in fighting destabilized the country and in 1799, two of its members, Paul Barras and Abbe Sieyes joined with Napoleon Bonaparte to overthrow their colleagues.
- The Coup of Brumaire succeeded and the Directory was dissolved.
- The Directory was replace by the Consulate.
(same as Napoleon image below)
Portrait of Napoleon.
"The Directory." Napoleon Guide. 5 Feb. 2009 <http://www.napoleonguide.com/directory.htm>.
Napoleon Bonaparte - Michael Decker
Napoleon was a French military and political leader who became emperor. He was one of the most influential men in European history. He staged a coup d’etat and crowned himself emperor. He led many successful war campaigns on nearly every continental European country and maintained his sphere of appointment by alliances forged by appointing family members and friends to high positions throughout the empire. The tides turned on him when he went to war with Russia. The Russian winter defeated him. He was exiled to the island of Elba. He escaped after a year and started another war campaign. He lost at the battle of Waterloo and was banished to the island of Saint Helena, where died 6 years later.
Napoleon Bonaparte was one of the most influential men in European history.
"Napoleon I of France." Wikipedia. 2009. WikiMedia. 5 Feb 2009
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte>.
Stearns, Peter. "The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West."World Civilizations. 4th ed. 2006.
Congress of Vienna and the Congress System - (Shelly Franks)
Donohue, Lacey. "Congress of Vienna." Chico Unified School District - CUSD Main - CUSD Homepage - CUSD Homepage. 05 Feb. 2009 <http://cusd.chico.k12.ca.us/~bsilva/projects/congress.vienessy.html>.
http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/66/366-004-64BCCDAB.gif Map of Europe after the Congress of Vienna.
Klemens von Metternich- (Laura Guidry)
"Metternich - MSN Encarta." MSN Encarta : Online Encyclopedia, Dictionary, Atlas, and Homework. 05 Feb. 2009 http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566529/metternich.html.
Klemens von Metternich was Europe's leading statesman in his era
http://www.preussen-chronik.de/_/bilder/1186_Klemens_Wenzel_Fuerst_von_Metternich.jpeg
Serfdom in Russia -Cory Hume
Ivan III of Russian produced a law code, the Sudebnik, which made the peasants of Russia more dependent. Serfs were given estates and in 1658, to leave the estate and move elsewhere was a crime and could be tried as such. Complete ownership was given to the landowners of the serfs. The landowners could move the serfs as they pleased, including their families. However, the owner could not take the serf’s life. Serfs made a very large proportion of the population in Russia, about 80%. Several uprisings occurred including the revolt of Ivan Bolotnikov between 1606-1607. Eventually, serfdom was eliminated in 1861 in a major reform inspired by words of Tsar Alexander II, who said "it is better to liberate the peasants from above than to wait until they won their freedom by risings from below."
This is a portrait of Russian serfs and the landowners together. The picture depicts the type of lifestyle that the serfs experienced everyday and the work they did.
"Russian Serfs." Spartacus Educational - Home Page. 05 Feb. 2009 <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSserfs.htm>.
Revolutions of 1848 (Sarah Mann)
"Revolutions of 1848 ." Answers.com. 2009. Answers Corporation. 4 Feb 2009 http://www.answers.com/topic/revolutions-of-1848.
This is a map of Europe in 1848.
Jones,, Peter S.. "The 1848 Revolutions." The Concert of Europe. 2009. 4 Feb 2009 http://www.amitm.com/thecon/lesson4.html.
Chartist movement (Sarah Mann)
Everett, Glenn. "Chartism or The Chartist Movement." VictorianWeb.org. 1999. 5 Feb 2009 http://www.victorianweb.org/history/hist3.html.
"Chartism." Answers.com. 2009. Answers Corporation. 5 Feb 2009 http://www.answers.com/topic/chartism.
This is a picture of William Lovett, an important leader in the Chartist movement and author of the “People’s Charter.”
Crail, Mark. "MyTimemachine." 2009. 5 Feb 2009 http://www.markcrail.co.uk/.
Third Reform Act (UK) -Brianna Kosko
Source: http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Representation-of-the-People-Act-1884
This is a picture of William Gladstone...the prime minister who had a rivalry with Benjamin Disraeli
Napoleon III -Sara Marshall
àNapoleon III was also known as Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte.
àHe was the nephew of Napoleon I.
àHe was born on April 20, 1808.
àHe was the first president of the French Republic.
àHe was the only Emperor of the Second French Empire. He became Emperor in 1852, and under his reign, they turned greatly to Italy.
àNot only was he the first president of France; but, he was also the last monarch as well.
àHe is most well-known for making the Second French Empire a Liberal Empire.
àHe extended the power of legislature during his time of rule.
àThe “Liberal Empire” lasted from 1860-1870.
àThe Franco-Prussian War ruined the Second Empire in 1870
àSoon after, he was captured by the Prussians. He was released in 1871, and went into exile in England soon after.
....This is a picture of Napoleon III, during his reign over the Second French Empire.
"Napoleon III." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 5 Feb. 2009 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
The Dreyfus Affair -
Nationalism – Steven Myers
· An ideology that focuses on the needs of a nation.
o Originated in Europe.
o The precise location and date of its origin is unknown.
· Often tied in with the movements of popular sovereignty, universal suffrage, and the modern nation-state that came to a head during the French Revolution.
o Usually recognized as the cause of both world wars.
· The ideology stresses that “the people” are the driving force behind the government, and as such, must do all in their power to protect and uphold the government because they are, in turn, protecting themselves.
o Nationalism can be acquainted with violence and revolution, but is does not have to be as such.
· “Banal Nationalism” is the everyday type of nationalism displayed through various venues. (i.e. flags on buildings, the Pledge of Allegiance, the singing of the Star-Spangled banner before sporting events, etc.)
This is a popular picture of the French Revolution, which took place primarily because of the nationalist spirit that was spreading through France. This is exemplified by the French flag being carried by Lady Liberty.
Sources:
"Nationalism." Wikipedia. 2009. 7 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism>.
"Nationalism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2001. 7 Feb 2009 <http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism/>.
Unification of Italy (Shampa Panda)
-During the 19th century, this was the process of unifcation of what had previosuly been seperate atonomous states into Italy.
-Began with end of Napoleonic rule, ended with beginning of World War I
-Italian nationalists began fighting against Austrian Empire for self government
-Important revolutionary groups include Carbonari, who drew its membership from the middle class and the intellectual elite.
-After Second war of Italian Independence/The War of 1859, Victor Emmanuel III becomes the first king of Italy
Unification of Germany and Otto von Bismarck - Danie SAN M
German confederation formed in 1815 but under Austria’s presidency. Until then there were various German states, with Austria and Prussia being the most powerful of the states. Austria was very important in the confederation, because of the throne, while many of the other states wanted unification Austria and Prussia opposed. Railways were constructed to lessen the time distance between German states. The King of Prussia was offered the throne as German Emperor, but he refused. When Bismarck became the Minister of Prussia he had set a goal to make Prussia the dominate power of over Austria. With Austria’s help Prussia, invaded Schleswig-Holstein to remove Danish control, because of this Prussia gained favor from nationalists. Bismarck allied with the Italians and gained French neutrality, and provoked Austrians into war, Austria lost the war, but Bismarck made sure that it lost no land. The north German confederation was formed with all the German states north of the Main River under the control of Prussia. The Spanish throne was offered to a prince of Germany, France pressured for this not to happen and Prince Leopold under pressure declined the offer. Bismarck then made it look as if the French Ambassador had been insulted by the Prussian king, France enraged declared war. With the patriotism offered by the war Bismarck united the Southern German states with the Northern states, and defeated France, laying heavy siege to Paris.
German States before Bismarck united them. Compare the size of Austria and Prussia to the others.
February 10, 2009. European History. http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/unific.htm. The unification of Germany.
Ausgleich – Rishi Simha
Image (http://www.travelguide2austria.com/i1_Austria-hungary.png): This is most of the land controlled by Austria-Hungary.
In February of 1867, Hungary and Austria signed an accord creating a dual monarchy. Germans called this compromise Ausgleich. In fear of Prussian invasion, Austria and Hungary hastily came together and established Austria-Hungary. Under the document, the Magyars and Austrians were near equal to one another in power and a common monarch controlled the armed forces, foreign policy, and the customs union.
SOURCE: "Ausgleich." NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ausgleich. 2005. NationMaster.com. 5 Feb 2009 <http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Ausgleich>.
Alexander II and the Emancipation of Russian serfs - Lauren Sink
Alexander took the throne of Russia after his father died.
· Alexander succeeded to the throne upon the death of his father in 1855
· The first year of his reign was devoted to the prosecution of the Crimean War
· Began a period of radical reforms, encouraged by public opinion but carried out with autocratic power
· the growth of a revolutionary movement to the "left" of the educated classes led to an abrupt end to Alexander's changes when he was assassinated by a bomb in 1881
· Plans were formed for building a great network of railways, progress was blocked by a formidable obstacle: serfdom
· In all provinces where serfdom existed, emancipation committees were formed
· The emancipation of serfdom contained very complicated problems, deeply affecting the economic, social and political future of the nation
· Russian peasantry became one of the last groups of peasants in Europe to shake off serfdom
“Alexander II of Russia”. NationMaster.com. 2005. 4 February 2009. <http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Alexander-II-of-Russia>.
Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women - Crystal Tsang
Lived during the French Revolution
Advocated for the rights of women in property rights and ownership
Feminist, fought against belief that women are inferior to men
British nationality
Rejected the sexual component of relationships
Early works were centered around education
Only daughter wrote Frankenstein
Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Men in response to Edmund Burkes Reflections on the Revolution in France.
http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/wollstonecraft.html
Women's movement and suffrage -
Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism -
Charles Darwin, On Origin of Species - Alexandra Bauer
This is a picture depicting the theory of evolution, that humans developed overtime from apes. That theory was proposed by Charles Darwin in On the Origin of Species
"On the Origin of Species" Wikipedia . 5 Feb 2009. Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia. 5 Feb 2009 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species>.
Friedrich Nietzsche -
Albert Einstein - Kelly Best
This is a picture of the young Einstein, at about the age of fourteen.
30 Jan 2009 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Albert_Einstein_as_a_child.jpg.
"Albert Einstein Biography." Einstein. 2008. 5 Feb 2009 http://einstein.biz/biography.
Sigmund Freud -
Social Darwinism -
Louisiana Purchase and the Monroe Doctrine -
American Civil War (world view) -
Immigration to the US -Alison Chang
during the revolution, alot of europeans immigrant to the US in order to have a better quality of life,
1789 the consitution of the USA takes effect, succeeding the articles of confederation since the conclusion of the revolutionary war
1808 importation of slaves into the US is offcially banned though it it continues illegally long after the ban
1840s crop failures in Germany, social turbulence triggered by the rapid industrialization of European society political unrest in europe, and the irish potato famine leads to a new period of mass immigration to the US
1850 the california gold rush spurs immigration from china and evtensive internal migration
1881-1885 1 million germans arrives in the peak of German immigration.
1881-1920 2 million Eastern European Jews immigrante to theUS.
http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/lectures/lecture08.html
Proto-industrialization - Tyler Cornett
· Proto-industrialization is the process of creating a suitable environment for the Industrial Revolution to occur.
· This was a general transition from Agriculture to Industry.
· Proto-industrialization popularized the method of agrarian families selling their surplus materials and crops to the market.
· This was also the period in which women and children started to bring in their own incomes.
· The peasants and common people could now produce goods from materials sold to them by merchants at home.
A picture of a typical peasant like the ones
that powered Proto-Industrialism.
"PROTO-INDUSTRIALIZATION." www.edu.gbrown. 6 Feb 2009 <http://faculty.unlv.edu/gbrown/westernciv/wc201/wciv2c18/wciv2c18lsec2.html>.
Enclosure Acts - Michael Decker
The Inclosure/Enclosure Acts were a series of acts passed by Parliament in the United Kingdom that denied people who had once used areas of land from using it to graze animals. Most were passed between 1750 and 1860. Nearly 7 million acres were enclosed by the end of the period. Their significance was that they pushed people to concentrate into urban areas and work for wages (becoming the proletariat). This ultimately brought about capitalism by means of political coercion.
Urbanization was a direct outgrowth of the Enclosure Acts which in turn brought about capitalism.
"Inclosure Acts." Wikipedia. 2009. WikiMedia. 5 Feb 2009
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosure_Acts>.
Stearns, Peter. "The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West."World Civilizations. 4th ed. 2006.
English textile trade – Estefania Delgado
-In the early 18th century, British textile manufacture was based on wool, which was processed by individual artisans, doing the spinning and weaving on their own premises.
-This system is called a cottage industry.
-Cotton goods became the dominant British export by the early decades of the 19th century.
- Exports of the cotton industry was centered in Lancashire
-Transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain.
- Good were transported around the country by horse and cart, or by riverboat. Draught animals for agriculture and haulage supplied power.
- The export trades in woolen goods were for more than a quarter of British exports during most of the 18th century, doubling between 1701 and 1770.
The spinning jenny was one of the innovations that started the revolution
Montagna, Joseph A. "The Industrial Revolution." Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. Yale edu. 5 Feb. 2009 <http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1981/2/81.02.06.x.html>.
Hartman, J. P. "Watt, James." The World Book. 2003 ed.
A picture of Watt's industrial steam engine.
http://www.deutsches-museum.de/typo3temp/pics/921ebd3eea.jpg
The steamship and the railroad -
Vulcanization and Bessemer process -Cory Hume
The vulcanization process involves curing rubber that involves high heat and curatives. This makes the rubber more durable and resistant to chemicals. Also, the rubber appears smoother and prevents sticking to surfaces and other materials. Vulcanization process was invented during the 19th century. History’s first glimpse of rubber comes from a stand in London in 1770 where Edward Nairne was selling rubber cubes as erasers. This same process is used to create several rubber products today such as hockey pucks and shoe soles.
The Bessemer Process was the first source of fast production of steel during the industrial revolution. This is named after Henry Bessemer, who invented it in 1855 even though the process was discovered by William Kelley in 1851. It had been used for hundreds of years, just not to this scale. The process simply removes the impurities of iron blowing oxygen through the melted iron. This also keeps the temperature very high and keeps the iron in a liquid form.
This is a photo of the early machine used for the Bessemer Process.
This is a modern day vulcanization machine.
Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas, Biographies, Dictionary, Thesaurus. Free online reference, research & homework help. — Infoplease.com. 05 Feb. 2009 http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0807299.html.
"Untitled Document." 05 Feb. 2009 <http://www.bouncing-balls.com/chemistry_tech_conservation/vulcanization.htm>.
New power sources - electricity and petroleum -Brianna Kosko
Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/electricity.html
This is a picture of Thomas Edison....creator of the first central power station
Industrial war -
Internal combustion engine -Sara Marshall
è Internal Combustion Engines became widely well-known and used around the beginning of the 1900s.
è It was first researched in 1680 by Christian Huygens.
è But, the first one was actually built in the year 1859.
è Etienne Lenoir was the one to build the first Internal Combustion Engine.
è The first one ran on street-lightning gas, which was started by a simple electric spark.
è It wasn’t powerful, but it ran somewhat smoothly.
è Internal Combustion Engines took a lot of fuel to run, but they were still purchased by many people.
è In 1862, Alphonse Beau de Rochas took it to compression and the four-stroke cycle. But, he never built an engine.
è Later, in 1862, the first-stroke cycle was finally built. (By Nikolaus A. Otto)
è In Nikolaus Otto’s honor, they named this device the Otto Cycle.
è Due to the Internal Combustion Engine, many technological advances have occurred. (Ex/ Pollution control)
....This is a picture/diagram of A 4-Stroke Engine Model. (AKA- Internal Combustion Engine.)
"Evolution of Internal Combustion Engine." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 2007. Columbia University Press. 5 Feb 2009 http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0858862.html.
Decline of Aristocracy and Rise of Middle Class -
Urbanization – Steven Myers
· Urbanization is defined as the physical growth of rural or natural lands into urban sprawls.
o “The Growth of Cities”
o Urbanization usually takes place when hard times in rural areas accompany economic booms in urban areas.
§ Rural families, naturally, want to move the more prosperous area
o Urbanization is most commonplace in developing countries.
· Urbanization was an important cultural movement in America at the turn of the 19th century.
o Took place because of the technological revolution happening at the time which transformed the factory system, creating a need for mass labor.
· The UN predicts that over half of the world’s population lives in urban areas.
Stifling-high population density and poor housing are often acquainted with rapid, unplanned urbanization. The NYC “dumbbell tenet” housing is a primary example of this, as is this “shanty town” (pictured above) in Manila, Philippines.
Sources:
"Urbanization." Wikipedia. 2009. 7 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization>.
"Urbanization and Global Change." Global Change 01042006 7 Feb 2009 http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/urban_gc/.
Capitalism and laissez-faire economics (Shampa Panda)
-Economic concept that dissuades government involvement
-Coined by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations
-Liberalism in economic stratum
-Free markets, minimal taxes, minimal regulations and private ownership of property
The iconic book The Wealth of Nations by the economic philosopher Adam Smith.
"Capitalism and Laissez-Faire Economics." Wikipedia. Wikipedia. 5 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire>.
Thomas Malthus:
Essay on Population, 1798
Basically Malthus is outlining his ideas on populations as a whole now in time. He states that food is necessary, and that man and woman will be attracted to each other in order to keep the population growing and existing. If unchecked population will grow out of control at exponential rates. While a population increase the value of a workforce decrease while the ever increasing demand for goods increases along with the price. The poor become poorer and the few rich become richer and less. Food or sustenance is the check for a population so when it becomes to low compared to a high population the population must shrink.
This picture just goes to show how “BIG” of a deal population can be.
"Malthus." Western Washington University. 10 Feb 2009 http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~stephan/malthus/malthus.1.html.
David Ricardo – Rishi Simha
Image (http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/85/9585-004-22D09AE3.jpg): This is a portrait of David Ricardo done by Thomas Phillips in 1821.
Born in 1772, David Ricardo, an English economist and theorist, along with Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus, theorized about some of the basic ideas of capitalism. Ricardo’s most well known accomplishment involved publishing his theory later named the ‘Iron Law of Wages.’ He believed that supply and demand should dictate prices for everything in a free market economy, even an employee’s pay. His main conclusion was that since people reproduced more than they died, there would always be a surplus of labor; thus, the wage that wage-laborers earned should be lowered or kept the same. Industrial capitalists loved his ideas because they produced profit at the least cost. This was used to combat price floor reforms, like the Poor Laws, that were sweeping through Parliament.
SOURCE: "Untitled Document." HKU - Department of History. University of Hong Kong - Department of History. 05 Feb. 2009 <http://hkuhist2.hku.hk/history/firstyear/Share/shareE06.html>.
Socialism - Lauren Sink
· Modern socialism originated in the late nineteenth-century working class political movement and the intellectual movement of that period
· Criticized the effects of industrialization and private ownership on society
· Socialists mainly share the belief that capitalism unfairly concentrates power and wealth among a small segment of society that controls capital
· They believe it creates an unequal society and does not provide equal opportunities for everyone in society to attain such status
· Western European social critics were the first, modern socialists who criticized the excessive poverty and inequality consequence of the Industrial Revolution
· In 1864, the First International was founded in London
· The Second International was founded in 1889 in central Europe
· Socialism had revolution from 1917 to 1923
· Karl Marx, Joseph Stalin and Vladimir Lenin were famous socialists
· In 1917, Lenin declared "Long live the world socialist revolution!”
· Socialism was also involved in both World Wars
Stalin and Lenin were two supporters of socialism.
Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and communism - Crystal Tsang
Derived the Theory of Scientific Socialism also known as Communism.
German philosophers that thought Capitalism was self destructive and would eventually ruin itself.
Thought there would be a revolution were the proletariat would overthrow the Capitalist class.
Believed in the creation of a classless society.
After revolution there would be a dictatorship where the eradication of classes would take place.
Born in Prussia, both born in the Rhine Province
Incredibly influential in the politics of Eastern and Western Europe, and later the entire world.
Laid the cornerstones for the ideas and thought for World War 2, Nazism a reaction to the Marxist ideas of communism.
http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/marx.html
Trade Unions -
Global Spread of Industrialization -
Crimean War -
Balkan nationalism-
Louisiana purchase- NiCk CaRtEr
http://csmh.pbwiki.com/f/LouisianaPurchaseMap.jpg
-By a trety signed April 30, 1803, the U.S purchased from france Louisiana territory.
-More then 2 million sq kn (800,000 sq mi)
-The landextended from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.
-The price was about 15 million dollars.
-11,250,000 was to be paid directly.
- With the balance covered by the assumption by the U.S of the french debts to American citezens.
Monroe Doctrine- Nick Carter
http://dase.laits.utexas.edu/media/american_politics_collection/viewitem/000117136_400.jpg
-Statement of the U.S policy on the Doctrine after the mid- 1840s, activities and rights of the European powers in the Western Hemisphere.
-Made by the President James Monroe in his seventh anual adress to the Congress of the U.S on Dec. 21 1823
-Became one of the foundations of U.S policy in Latin America.
-Because it was not supported by congressional legislation of affirmed in international law.
-Monroe's statement initially remained only a declaration of policy.
-Its increasing use and popularity elevated it to a principle, specificly termed the Monroe Doctrine
Alfred Dreyfus- Richard Monroe
Alfred Dreyfus was a German Born, French artillery captain of Jewish background. In 1894, some German papers were found with his name on it and Dreyfus came under suspicion for being a spy. He was tried by a secret jury of high ranking military officials and, even though he pleaded innocent, he was convicted of treason and sent to a prison in French Guiana. After his departure Georges Picquart, a well known anti-Semite, was appointed chief of military intelligence. Soon after it was discovered that Dreyfus was wrongly accused because a man by the name of Esterházy was the true culprit. But Picquart exonerated him and kept Dreyfus imprisoned. As this scandal leaked out, the French population was deeply split between Dreyfus supporters and the anti-Semitic radicalisms. Due to the pressure of many liberal supporters, most influential being Emile Zola, the government was forced to conduct another trial for Dreyfus. It was discovered that Picquart had forged the documents that wrongly put Dreyfus in prison. What now has become known as the Dreyfus Affair, was one more step towards future European anti-Semitic.
Alfred Dreyfus
“Alfred Dreyfus and the 'Affair'.” Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 14 February 2009
Decline of Aristocracy and Rise of Middle Class- Richard Monroe
Occurs last half of 19th century
in Western European countries and the US
Democracy and Liberalism leads to basic improvement of the working class- hygiene, safety, education
Instead of examinations based on your blood line, based on civil service tests
Pioneered by Otto von Bismark, welfare measures increased including social insurance and social security
Powerful and outspoken middle class leads to socialism
Otto von Bismark- prime minister that introduced, among other things, social security to help the middle class
Stearns, Peter N. et al. World Civilizations: a Global Experience. Pearson Education: New York, 2007